QRZ! Ham Radio 3/QRZ Ham Radio Callsign Database - Volume 3.iso/digests/infoham/940177.txt

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Date: Fri, 18 Feb 94 23:29:42 PST
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Subject: Info-Hams Digest V94 #177
To: Info-Hams


Info-Hams Digest            Fri, 18 Feb 94       Volume 94 : Issue  177

Today's Topics:
                A QSL Card that will Make a Difference
                  ARK 20 QRP Xcvr. Recommendations?
               ARRL DX Bulletin #10 - February 17, 1994
                    ARRL Letter available via FTP
                  A transmission line loss question
                           Dom Rep & Haiti
                              Jeff Gold
                              Repeaters
              RF Power Amp stages, design. Help needed!
                    This Week on Spectrum 02/19/94

Send Replies or notes for publication to: <[e-mail]>
Send subscription requests to: <[e-mail]>
Problems you can't solve otherwise to [e-mail].

Archives of past issues of the Info-Hams Digest are available
(by FTP only) from UCSD.Edu in directory "mailarchives/info-hams".

We trust that readers are intelligent enough to realize that all text
herein consists of personal comments and does not represent the official
policies or positions of any party.  Your mileage may vary.  So there.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: Sat, 19 Feb 1994 06:20:34 GMT
From: news.Hawaii.Edu!uhunix3.uhcc.Hawaii.Edu![e-mail]
Subject: A QSL Card that will Make a Difference
To: [e-mail]

In article <2jul4m$[e-mail]> [e-mail] (Andrew M. Cohn) writes:
>
>Last week his 40 meter antenna fell victim to the famous Calvert County
>(MD) ice storm. The next day he lost power for 6 straight days. Now he's
>going into the hospital for hip surgery, followed by 6 weeks of recovery
>with nothing to do but watch ice melt. Not a good month for Ron Nord,
>N3AKP, who, by the way, is no spring chicken.
>
>I wouldn't post this request if I didn't think it would make a
>difference. But it would really be great if you could cut loose an extra
>QSL card and send it along to Ron with perhaps a little "get-well"
>message. It's the kind of thing that would brighten his spirits and maybe
>even speed his recovery a bit.
>
>Hey, thanks, guys!   Ron's address is:   Ron Nord, N3AKP
>                                         3621 Halls Creek Lane
>                                         Owings, MD 20736
>
>

I hope you and some other hams can get his antenna back up, or at least string
up a dipole; that 6 week recovery period will go a lot faster if he can
get back on the air!
I'm sending him a card from Hawaii.

Jeff NH6IL

------------------------------

Date: Sat, 19 Feb 1994 04:34:41 GMT
From: library.ucla.edu!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!howland.reston.ans.net!newsserver.jvnc.net!raffles.technet.sg!ntuix!ntuvax.ntu.ac.sg![e-mail]
Subject: ARK 20 QRP Xcvr. Recommendations?
To: [e-mail]

Hi,

 Can anyone comment on the performance of the ARK 20 QRP transceiver kit as advertised in the CQ magazine. I am thinking of
buying one. Is there a better kit I should be looking at? Tks.

73 de 9V Daniel

------------------------------

Date: Thu, 17 Feb 1994 17:23:03 MST
From: swrinde!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!usc!yeshua.marcam.com!zip.eecs.umich.edu!newsxfer.itd.umich.edu!nntp.cs.ubc.ca!alberta!ve6mgs![e-mail]
Subject: ARRL DX Bulletin #10 - February 17, 1994
To: [e-mail]

ZCZC AE08
QST de W1AW
DX Bulletin 10  ARLD010
>From ARRL Headquarters
Newington CT  February 17, 1994
To all radio amateurs

SB DX ARL ARLD010
ARLD010 DX news

The items in this week's bulletin are courtesy of Chod, VP2ML;
Bruce, WA1G; WD4IEH; Dick, K3DI; and the Ohio/Penn and Yankee
Clipper Contest Club DX PacketCluster networks.  Thanks.

GUINEA BISSAU.  Erik, SM0AGD, will be in J5-land during late
February, and hopes to be able to do some operating.  Erik last
operated J5 in 1980.  QSL via SM0AGD, Vestag 27, 19556 Marsta,
Sweden.

SOUTHERN COOK ISLANDS. Seven Glen Canyon Wireless Association
members will be on from Rarotonga between March 4 and 10. They plan
to be active in the ARRL SSB DX Contest as ZK1AVY.

WALVIS BAY.  Ian, ZS9A, is on 160 meters just before his sunrise.
Check 1815 kHz around 0400z.

CAMBODIA.  Sanyi, XU7VK, has been heard on 3522 kHz at 1524z, 7009
kHz at 1700z and on 14083 kHz RTT
through the end of February.

DESECHEO ISLAND.  According to Ray, AB4JI, the upcoming DXpedition
for the SSB weekend of the ARRL International DX Contest has been
cancelled.  The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has denied landing
permission because a group of Haitian squatters are on the
island.  The Coast Guard was unsuccessful in removing them, and
reports are that the U.S. Navy may be called to remove the group.
Until this situation is resolved, no landing permission can be
given.  AB4JI and crew hope to make last minute arrangements to
operate from another island.

BELIZE.  WB5B and WA5TKC will be signing V31BW and V31PP
respectively, from February 19 to March 12.  V31BW will operate
primarily CW on 160 through 10 meters from South Water Caye, NA-080.
V31PP will be located in the rain forest area near Blue Creek, and
will operate 80 through 10 meters with SSB and RTT
active in both ARRL DX Contests and the CQ WW 160 Meter Contest.
QSL via their home calls.

ZAMBIA.  DL7VTM, DG9WYL and DL7VLA will sign 9I2Z, 9I2M and 9I2A
respectively, during their planned three week operation.  They
expect to be on the air around March 14.  Listen for them on all
bands and possibly for some satellite activity.  It is believed that
this may be the first satellite operation from Zambia.  QSL via
DL7VRO.

CQ ZONE 2.  VE1CBK, of CY0SAB fame, and VE3YYR will be active from
February 22 to 28.  Listen for them in the CQ WW 160 Meter Contest
the weekend of February 26 and 27.  Before the contest they will be
working all bands, mainly with RTT
RS-12.  QSL via VE3YYR.

BAHAMAS.  Dick, K3DI, will be signing C6AHL from Treasure Cay, Great
Abaco, during the ARRL International DX Contest.  This will be an
all band, single op effort.  He may even operate some QRP,
conditions permitting.  QSL via K3DI.

THIS WEEKEND ON THE RADIO.  The CW weekend of the annual ARRL
International DX Contest is a 48 hour event starting at 0000z
February 19.  W/VE stations work amateurs in as many DXCC countries
as possible.  DX stations work W/VE stations.  W/VE stations send
signal report and state/province.  DX stations sent signal report
and three digit number indicating transmitter output power.  For
full information and contest rules, check page 125 of December QST

Some island invasions planned for the contest include PS0F by W9VA,
VP2E/WJ2O; VP5B by K9IMM, GD0SLY by WA3CGE; V31TP by WC0W; and V31WW
by a team.
NNNN

--
James J. Reisert  Internet:  [e-mail]
Digital Equipment Corp.  UUCP:    ...decwrl!wrksys.enet.dec.com!reisert
146 Main Street - MLO3-6/C9 Voice:    508-493-5747
Maynard, MA  01754  FAX:    [phone]

------------------------------

Date: Sat, 19 Feb 1994 04:33:27 GMT
From: agate!library.ucla.edu!csulb.edu!csus.edu!netcom.com![e-mail]
Subject: ARRL Letter available via FTP
To: [e-mail]

In article <[e-mail]> [e-mail] (M Grant) writes:
>As part of an experiment, I am making the ARRL letter, which I have been
>posting to this and rec.radio.info, available via anonymous FTP.  I plan
>to keep a repository of ARRL letters (we'll see how it goes).  Future
>plans also are for the W5YI letter.
>
>If this proves to work without too much hassle, I'll keep it up.
>
>ftp to:  netcom8.netcom.com
>  /pub/marcbg
>
>Enjoy!
>--
>================================================
>    Marc B. Grant     Voice Mail: 214-246-1150
>  [e-mail]      Amateur Radio N5MEI
>   [e-mail]
>================================================


Along with the ARRL Letter, Amateur Radio Newsline and ARRL bulletins are
all redistributed on three different lists maintained by the Boston
Amateur Radio Club.

To subscribe to the ARRL Letter:

send a message to: [e-mail]
In the body of the message, type: subscribe letter-list

To subscribe to Amateur Radio Newsline:

send a message to: [e-mail]
In the body of the message, type: subscribe newsline-list
(I grab Newsline off rec.radio.amateur.misc.  I'm in the process of
trying to get it sent directly to the list...)

To receive timely League bulletins as e-mail:

send a message to: [e-mail]
In the body of the message, type: subscribe w1aw-list

Or, to subscribe to all three, just send one message to
[e-mail], with three separate lines, each with a subscribe
line.


73,
Scott




--
===============================================================================
| Scott Ehrlich         Internet: [e-mail]     BITNET: wy1z@NUHUB  |
| Amateur Radio: wy1z          AX.25: [e-mail]                    |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Maintainer of the Boston Amateur Radio Club hamradio FTP area on      |
|   the World - ftp.std.com  pub/hamradio                 |
===============================================================================

------------------------------

Date: Sat, 19 Feb 1994 03:21:52 GMT
From: agate!howland.reston.ans.net!cs.utexas.edu!sdd.hp.com!col.hp.com!srgenprp![e-mail]
Subject: A transmission line loss question
To: [e-mail]

Tom Bruhns ([e-mail]) wrote:

: Assume you have a 50 ohm antenna you want to use on a single
: frequency in the two meter band.  You will be feeding it with
: about 100 feet of coax, which will be cut to an exact integer
: multiple number of half-wavelengths on the operating frequency.
: Which of the following two transmission lines will you choose
: to give lower loss?

: A.  50 ohm air-insulated copper line with 1" OD

: B.  75 ohm air-insulated copper line with 1" OD -- in other
:     words, same line as in (A), but a smaller center conductor.

Great quiz question.  The answer is that the 75 ohm line with the
1.5:1 SWR will have higher loss than the 50 ohm line with 1:1 SWR.

It's true that the 75 ohm line has lower loss WHEN TERMINATED WITH 75
OHMS.  To see why, realize that nearly all the loss in an air-dielectric
line is due to the current flowing in the conductors (I^2*R loss).
For a given shield size, a 75-ohm line's center conductor has 1.36 times
the resistance per unit length of a 50-ohm line.

     Derivation of above:  For an air-dielectric coaxial line,
     Zo = 138 log (D/d) where Zo = line characteristic impedance,
     D = ID of shield and d = OD of center conductor.  So:
     D/d = 10^(Zo/138) which is 2.3 for 50-ohm and 3.50 for 75-ohm line.
     Because of skin effect, the resistance per unit length is inversely
     proportional to the circumference (and thus diameter).  This means
     that for a given shield diameter, the total resistance of both
     conductors is proportional to (1/D + 1/d) = (1/D) * (1 + D/d).
     So, for a given shield size (set D=1), the 75-ohm line has
     (1+3.5)/(1+2.3) = 1.36 times higher resistance than 50-ohm line.

For a given power level, the current in the 75-ohm line is SQRT(50/75)
= .816 times that in a 50-ohm line.  So I^2*R = .816^2*1.36 = .907
times the loss in a 50-ohm line.

But getting back to the quiz question:

Since the line is a multiple of 1/2 wavelength, the feedpoint impedance
will be 50 ohms, even with the 75 ohm line.

The current varies sinusoidally along the 75-ohm line (the standing wave),
being maximum at 50-ohm points (integer multiple of 1/2 wave from the
end) and minimum in between, where the impedance is 75^2/50 = 112.5 ohms.
If the current is 1A at the 50-ohm points, then it is SQRT(50/112.5) =
2/3 A at the 112.5 ohm points.  So the standing wave of current can be
represented by

  I = 1A * [5/6 + (1/6) * cos(2*PI*s/L)]

where s = distance along line and L = wave length.

The rms current, averaged over the entire line, is then

5/6 + .707/6 = .951A

So the question is:  does .951A flowing in a 75-ohm line's center conductor
cause more loss than 1A flowing in a 50-ohm line's center conductor?
We already know the 75-ohm line has 1.36 times the loss resistance, so
with .951 times the current the loss is:

I^2 * R = .951^2 * 1.36 = 1.23 times the loss in a 50-ohm line

If you have 1 dB of loss in the 50-ohm line, the 75-ohm line will have
1.23 dB loss when feeding a 50-ohm load.

As a practical matter, however, low-loss 75-ohm coax can often be
obtained free as scrap "ends" from your local cable TV company.
Even when feeding a 50-ohm load, it will generally have lower loss
than standard RG-8 type or (gasp!) RG-58 cable.  The only hard part
is figuring out how to make inexpensive connectors for it.

AL N1AL

------------------------------

Date: Wed, 16 Feb 1994 22:09:02 +0000
From: swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!pipex!demon!kanga.demon.co.uk![e-mail]
Subject: Dom Rep & Haiti
To: [e-mail]

HI gang,
I am going the Dom Rep and , hopefully Haiti
for vacation in middle May. Any comments will
be very welcome. Hoping to take rig and operate
a little, (when she lets me HI )

------------------------------

Date: Sat, 19 Feb 1994 04:50:04 GMT
From: agate!howland.reston.ans.net!news.intercon.com!udel!news.sprintlink.net!direct![e-mail]
Subject: Jeff Gold
To: [e-mail]

Jesse L Wei ([e-mail]) wrote:

: Seems pretty magical to me. -jesse

"magic - the pretended art of producing marvelous results by compelling the
aid of spirits, or by using the secret forces of nature." OK, Jesse, let's
see some of those spirits and/or secret forces of nature.

: <no flame intended, but a flare of irritation with the post>

My point exactly! This is a technical group. Using a person's name as the
subject of an article on rec.radio.amateur.misc and slandering that person
in the article is immoral, unethical, and unlawful.

73, Cecil, [e-mail]

------------------------------

Date: 18 Feb 1994 23:31:04 -0500
From: mary.iia.org!mary.iia.org![e-mail]
Subject: Repeaters
To: [e-mail]

Would someone please give me some general information about mobile ham
radio, and repeaters, or point me to an FAQ.  Specificly, I would like
to know...

-  Can mobile amateur radio stations operate in full duplex?

-  Can repeaters in fact be used to place local telephone calls?  If so,
   is there a charge for this service?  Is it limited?

-  What are the legal restrictions on amateur radio traffic?  Are data
   connections allowed?

-  What baud rate could I reliably connect at through a radio link?

Thanks for the help!
--
W. Robert Nelson  ([e-mail])

------------------------------

Date: Sat, 19 Feb 1994 04:37:10 GMT
From: library.ucla.edu!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!howland.reston.ans.net!newsserver.jvnc.net!raffles.technet.sg!ntuix!ntuvax.ntu.ac.sg![e-mail]
Subject: RF Power Amp stages, design. Help needed!
To: [e-mail]

Hi,

        I'd like to know what considerations are required to modify an existing HF RF Power stage to a higher power without needing
to actually build a separate HF linear amp. Specifically I'd like to know if it is possible to drop a different transistor into
place and change the current limiting resistor of the final stage, provided the transistor is carefully selected, and get an
increased power output? What about the driver stage? Is the output of the driver stage critical as I see in the catalog, it appears
that some of these transistors come with a specified input power, eg: 0.1 watt in/ 15 watt out/ Ppe 23 dB. What exactly is the Ppe?
Another thing about transistor selection, will a VHF transistor work well in a HF circuit? For example, the specs above are for the
MRF 261 transistor which is actually a VHF transistor, will this work in a HF power stage then? More specifically I am trying to
modify the output of the ARK 20 QRP transceiver from about 3 watts to say 12-20 watts or so. How difficult will the change in
design be? The reason I am thinking of this is that I want to keep the QSK active rather than have a separate QSK TR switch for the
additional linear amp.
        Tks for any advice.
73 de 9V Daniel

------------------------------

Date: 17 Feb 1994 11:56:44 -0500
From: psinntp!pwcm.com!psinntp!starcomm.overleaf.com![e-mail]
Subject: This Week on Spectrum 02/19/94
To: [e-mail]

This week on Spectrum we are going to visit the world of utility
listening with Larry Van Horn.  Larry is the ute editor for Monitoring
Times.  We haven't looked at ute since mid summer and lots of
interesting things have happened.  Almost 90% of the frequency space
from 3 to 30 MHz is dedicated to non-broadcast transmissions and there
are lots of fun things to explore.

--
Spectrum airs live Sunday at 0300 UTC (2200 EST Saturday) on:

  WWCR, 5810 KHz, Nashville, TN (World Wide)
  WIFI, 1460 AM, Philadelphia, PA (Philadelphia Area)
  Omega Radio Network, Galaxy III, X17, 5.8 MHz WIDE audio. (Satellite)

Spectrum is rebroadcast:

  Sunday at 1500 EST, on WIFI, 1460 AM, Philadelphia, PA (Philadelphia Area)
  Monday at 0400 UTC (2300 EST Sunday),
         on WWCR, 7435 KHz, Nashville, TN (World Wide)

--
Spectrum, "The Communications Magazine You Read With Your Ears."
Box 722, Holmdel, NJ, 07733-0722, USA
[e-mail], [e-mail], [e-mail]
+1 800-787-SPECTRUM, [phone]

------------------------------

Date: 17 Feb 94 21:15:47 GMT
From: nprdc!ihnp4.ucsd.edu!sdd.hp.com!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!cs.utexas.edu!oakhill!yosemite.sps.mot.com![e-mail]
To: [e-mail]

References <2jt93e$[e-mail]>, <[e-mail]>, <2juhv0$[e-mail]>
Subject : Re: Nude amateur radio clubs

In article <2juhv0$[e-mail]>,
William VanHorne <[e-mail]> wrote:
>In article <[e-mail]>,
>Ben Thornton <[e-mail]> wrote:
>
>>So, explain to me just how it is that someone is somehow a different person
>>simply because they wear no clothing.  The difference is only in the eye
>>of the beholder...
>
>Hardly.  If you're nude, you can't wear one of those nifty baseball caps
>with your name and callsign on it.  What's the point of being in ham
>radio if you don't wear your baseball cap?  Sheesh.

Ok, ok, so I wasn't *completely* nude last time I worked the Nude Recreation
Week special events station...  I wore my Kenwood baseball cap...:)

   --ben

--
Ben Thornton                             Amateur call: WD5HLS
Internet: [e-mail]       Motorola Inc., Austin, TX
Caution:  Wearing clothes has been shown to cause permanent psychological
          dependence on textiles.  WEAR THEM AT YOUR OWN RISK.

------------------------------

Date: Sat, 19 Feb 1994 04:12:57 GMT
From: agate!howland.reston.ans.net!wupost!udel!news.sprintlink.net!direct![e-mail]
To: [e-mail]

References <2jqu8k$[e-mail]>, <[e-mail]>, <[e-mail]>
Subject : Re: Ramsey mod list? (was Re: RAMSEY FX TRANSCEIVER

Dana Myers ([e-mail]) wrote:
: I've heard a rumor that Ramsey has a fix for
: this; possibly Ramsey would like to post a list of mods and fixes
:  * Dana H. Myers KK6JQ, DoD 466 | Views expressed here are *

Hi Dana, I've posted that fix a couple of times and it is available on
a server. Unfortunately, I'm at home and that info file is at the office.

Remove R24 and solder the base of R24 into the hole that was previously
occupied by the upper lead of R24. Solder the cathode of a 1N34A into the
hole previously occupied by the base of R24. Solder the top of R24 and the
top (anode) of the 1N34A together. Solder a 10k ohm resistor to that same
junction and solder the other end to the top of R11 which is +5v. This
mod doubles the hysteresis in the COR circuit and reduces the thump.

Someone has set up a library of mods including those for the FXs and I just
can't remember where it is but it was no more than a couple of weeks ago.

73, Cecil, [e-mail]

------------------------------

Date: 19 Feb 1994 05:51:46 GMT
From: koriel!newsworthy.West.Sun.COM!abyss.West.Sun.COM!pongo![e-mail]
To: [e-mail]

References <[e-mail]>, <2k2r9g$[e-mail]>, <[e-mail]>
Subject : Re: Jeff Gold

In article <[e-mail]> [e-mail] (Cecil Moore) writes:
>Jesse L Wei ([e-mail]) wrote:
>
>: Seems pretty magical to me. -jesse
>
>"magic - the pretended art of producing marvelous results by compelling the
>aid of spirits, or by using the secret forces of nature." OK, Jesse, let's
>see some of those spirits and/or secret forces of nature.

Oh, Cecil, give it a rest.  As far as many people are concerned,
radio is a secret force of nature.  Anyway, you are trying so hard
to interfere with a perfectly valid amateur radio thread because you
appear to be some fan of Ramsey Electronics.  Fine, if you are
fan, fine.  But attempting to discredit critics of Ramsey is
pointless and inflamatory.  You've worked hard to discredit
my statements, trying one tactic after another.  First you
condemn Jeff Gold as "less than a member of the human race".  Then
you try "but Jeff had an FTR-146 that is obsolete and therefore
let's drop it".  Then you try the very behavior you condemned Jeff
Gold for.  Then you outright claim that I'm a liar ("giving you
the benfit of the doubt...").  You can't have it both ways, Cecil.


What you fail to acknowledge is that the public dealings of an
amateur business is a perfectly valid topic for rec.radio.amateur.misc.
Even if you don't agree with the topic, it doesn't invalidate the
topic.

>: <no flame intended, but a flare of irritation with the post>
>
>My point exactly! This is a technical group. Using a person's name as the
>subject of an article on rec.radio.amateur.misc and slandering that person
>in the article is immoral, unethical, and unlawful.

You're missing the point entirely!  Either that or you refuse to see it.
The "Jeff Gold" post was intentionally insulting and inflammatory, and
it completely flies in the face of your earlier statement that Jeff
Gold is "less than human".  Attacking Jeff Gold because you don't
like his postings *doesn't* belong on rec.radio.amateur.misc, it
would be fine in alt.flame, where it seems many hams won't go have
the flame fests but should.

--
 * Dana H. Myers KK6JQ, DoD 466 | Views expressed here are *
 * [phone]   | mine and do not necessarily *
 * [e-mail] | reflect those of my employer *
 * This Extra supports the abolition of the 13 and 20 WPM tests *

------------------------------

Date: Sat, 19 Feb 1994 04:30:23 GMT
From: agate!howland.reston.ans.net!news.intercon.com!udel!news.sprintlink.net!direct![e-mail]
To: [e-mail]

References <[e-mail]>, <2jqu8k$[e-mail]>, <[e-mail]>
Subject : Re: Ramsey slams ARRL (was Re: RAMSEY FX TRANSCEIVER)

Dana Myers ([e-mail]) wrote:
: If you have any kind of trouble with Ramsey kits, you run the risk of
: being slandered.  * Dana H. Myers KK6JQ

Slander has a legal definition. It is next to impossible to slander someone
during a private telephone conversation. It is very easy to commit slander
on Internet. Statements that can't be proven resulting in monitary loss is
all one needs to prove slander. Who did you say got slandered?

73, Cecil, [e-mail]

------------------------------

Date: 17 Feb 94 21:36:13 GMT
From: nprdc!ihnp4.ucsd.edu!sdd.hp.com!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!cs.utexas.edu!oakhill!yosemite.sps.mot.com![e-mail]
To: [e-mail]

References <2jt93e$[e-mail]>, <[e-mail]>, <[e-mail]> p
Subject : Re: Nude amateur radio clubs

>In article <[e-mail]> I write:
>>
>>So, explain to me just how it is that someone is somehow a different person
>>simply because they wear no clothing.  The difference is only in the eye
>>of the beholder...

In article <[e-mail]>,
Gary Coffman <[e-mail]> responded:
>
>Of course, all esthetics are in the eye of the beholder. Aside from it's
>utilitarian aspect, decorative clothing is designed to mask the ugly,
>not hide the beautiful. And according to the prevailing esthetic, most
>hams *need* that decorative covering to avoid offending the eye of the
>beholder. A prime rule of society is that one shouldn't do something in
>public that frightens the horses.

I'll let that argument die of it's own accord, but will make one comment:

Yes, clothing has it's purposes but there are many situations in which the
wearing of clothing serves no real purpose other than reinforce a false
sense of modesty such as when swimming, sunbathing, kicking back to enjoy
a beer, etc.  Everyone has seen a nude body at least once before, and
many people have discovered that "the prevailing esthetic" has no real
benefit to society other than to to protect the overly-squeamish.

  --ben
--
Ben Thornton                             Amateur call: WD5HLS
Internet: [e-mail]       Motorola Inc., Austin, TX
Caution:  Wearing clothes has been shown to cause permanent psychological
          dependence on textiles.  WEAR THEM AT YOUR OWN RISK.

------------------------------

End of Info-Hams Digest V94 #177
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